Which solar panels are the most effective?

New research suggests that double-sided solar panels that can follow the sun are both the most energy and cost effective.

These bifacial solar panels collect sunlight from two sides instead of one and possess single-axis tracking technology that tilts the panels so they can follow the sun.

The research, which was reported in journal Joule, determined that this combination of technologies produces almost 35% more energy, on average, than immobile single-panel photovoltaic systems, while reducing the cost of electricity by an average of 16%.

"The results are stable, even when accounting for changes in the weather conditions and in the costs from the solar panels and the other components of the photovoltaic system, over a fairly wide range," said first author Carlos Rodríguez-Gallegos, a research fellow at the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore.

"This means that investing in bifacial and tracking systems should be a safe bet for the foreseeable future."

Research efforts tend to focus on further boosting energy output from solar power systems by improving solar cell efficiency, but the energy yield per panel can also be increased in other ways. Double-sided solar panels, for example, produce more energy per unit area than their standard counterparts and can function in similar locations, including rooftops. This style of solar panel, as well as tracking technology that allows each panel to capture more light by tilting in line with the sun throughout the day, could significantly improve the energy yield of solar cells even without further advancements in the capabilities of the cells themselves. However, the combined contributions of these recent technologies have not been fully explored.

To identify the global economic advantages associated with the use of a variety of paired photovoltaic technologies, Rodríguez-Gallegos and colleagues first used data from NASA's Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) to measure the total radiation that reaches the ground each day. The researchers further tailored this data to account for the influence of the sun's position on the amount of radiation a solar panel can receive based on its orientation, and then calculated the average net cost of generating electricity through a photovoltaic system throughout its lifetime. They focused on large photovoltaic farms composed of thousands of modules rather than smaller photovoltaic systems, which generally include higher associated costs per module. The team validated their model using measured values from experimental set-ups provided by three institutes and incorporated additional weather parameters to perform a worldwide analysis.

The model suggests that double-sided solar panels combined with single-axis tracking technology is most cost effective, although dual-axis trackers — which follow the sun's path even more accurately but are more expensive than single-axis trackers — are a more favourable substitute in latitudes near the poles. But despite this technology's clear benefits, Rodríguez-Gallegos does not expect this style of photovoltaic system to become the new standard overnight.

"The photovoltaics market is traditionally conservative," he said.

"More and more evidence points toward bifacial and tracking technology to be reliable, and we see more and more of it adopted in the field. Still, transitions take time, and time will have to show whether the advantages we see are attractive enough for installers to make the switch."

While this work considers standard silicon-based solar cells, Rodríguez-Gallegos and colleagues next plan to analyse the potential of tracking systems combined with pricey, top-of-the-line solar materials with higher efficiencies (called tandem technologies), which are currently limited to heavy-duty concentrator photovoltaics and space applications.

"As long as research continues to take place, the manufacturing costs of these materials are expected to keep on decreasing, and a point in time might be reached when they become economically competitive and you might see them on your roof," said Rodríguez-Gallegos.

"We then aim to be a step ahead of this potential future so that our research can be used as a guide for scientists, manufacturers, installers and investors."

Image credit: ©stock.adobe.com/au/Ingo Bartussek